Isomer chapters that cover the meaning of isomers, isomer divisions as well as examples

Understanding Isomer

"In chemistry, isomer is molecules with the same chemical formula and with the same bonding type, but having a different arrangement of atoms can be likened to an anagram”

Most isomers have chemical properties that are similar to one another. There is also the term nuclear isomer, that is, the nucleus of an atom which has a different level of excitation.

Example simple from an isomer C3H8O.

Isomer Structure

Isomerism of structure occurs because of differences in the arrangement of bonds between atoms and functional groups in a molecule. Keisomeran structure can be divided into:

Template Isomers

Compounds that are skeletal isomers have the same molecular formula and functional groups, but the framework is different. Example, butane with main chain C4 and 2-methylpropane with main chain C3.

Isomer Positioning

Compounds which are position isomers have the same molecular formula and functional groups, but the position of the cluster on a different framework. Example, 1-butene with 2-butene in different positions of the C = C double bond; and 1-butanol with 2-butanol differ in the position of the hydroxyl group (–OH).

Functional Isomer Clusters

Isisomeran functional groups exist in compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups. Some homologous series of pairs containing functional groups, is :

1. alkanol (alcohol) with alkoxy (eter) with general formula: CnH2n+2O
   Example : ethanol with methoxymethane (dimethyl ether).
2. alkanal (aldehyde) with alkanon (ketone) – with general formula: CnH2nO
   Examples of the aldehyde functional group : propanal with propanone.
3. alkanoic acid (carboxylic acid) with alkyl alkanoate (ester) with general formula: CnH2nO2
   Examples of carboxylic acid functional groups, viz : propanoic acid with methyl ethanoate.

Space Isomers (Stereoisomerisme)

Space inequality occurs because of differences in the configuration or arrangement of the atoms in space. Isomeran space can be divided into 2 that is
Isomer Geometri
Isomer Isofis

Isomer Geometri

Geometric inequality occurs due to limited free rotation of the bonds in the molecule. On a single bond C–C, the carbon atom can rotate freely on the other carbon atoms.

But on a double bond C = C, the rotation of the carbon atom tends to be limited due to the pi bonding. Because of that, the position of the atom or atomic group bonded by the two C atoms in the C = C bond cannot change.

Geometry anomaly is found in compounds with C = C bonds where each C atom binds two different atoms or groups of atoms. Based on the position of the atom or group of atoms, geometric isomers can be divided into cis form and trans form.

Isomer cis is an isomer in which atoms or groups of atoms are on the same side.
Isomer trans is an isomer where atoms or groups of similar atoms are on opposite sides.

Isomer Optis

Optical isomerism occurs when a compound has an asymmetrical atom. In carbon compounds, Optical isomers occur in compounds that have asymmetrical carbon atoms, that is, carbon atoms which are bound to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms.

If the two groups on the asymmetrical atom are exchanged position, then two different molecules will form mirror images of one another. These two molecules cannot be superimposed on one another (non-superimposable). Non-overlapping properties such as the left hand above the right hand and are also referred to as chiral.

So is the discussion about isomers, May be useful

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